Table 1 Model parameters and their values

Λ

Recruitment rate

0.2

[6]

ω

Rate of immunity loss

0.0056

[13]

μ

Natural mortality rate of cattle

0.0002

[2]

β_p

Environment-to-host transmission rate

0.01

Assumed

β_I

Host-to-host transmission rate

0.0001

Assumed

σ

Development rate of clinical signs

0.25

[17]

ν

Disease-induced mortality rate of cattle

0.0064

[11]

γ

Recovery rate of infected cattle

0.143

[22]

λ_p

Shedding rate of FMDV

0.002

Assumed

δ_p

Decay rate of FMDV

0.0476

Assumed