|
Mantle depth
|
d
|
\(3\times 10^6\) m
|
|
Thermal expansion coefficient
|
\(\alpha\)
|
\(2\times 10^{-5}\) K\(^{-1}\)
|
|
Reference density
|
\(\rho _0\)
|
\(4\times 10^3\) kg m\(^{-3}\)
|
|
Gravitational acceleration
|
g
|
10 m s\(^{-2}\)
|
|
Temperature at the top of the mantle
|
\(T_{\mathrm{s}}\)
|
300 K
|
|
Temperature at the base of the mantle
|
\(T_{\mathrm{b}}\)
|
3000 K
|
|
Temperature difference
|
\(\Delta T\)
|
2700 K
|
|
Thermal conductivity
|
k
|
4 W m\(^{-1}\)K\(^{-1}\)
|
|
Specific heat at constant pressure
|
\(C_{\mathrm{p}}\)
|
\(10^3\) J kg\(^{-1}\) K\(^{-1}\)
|
|
Activation energy
|
E
|
300–525 kJ mol\(^{-1}\)
|
|
Activation volume
|
V
|
\(6\times 10^{-6}\) m\(^3\) mol\(^{-1}\)
|
|
Gas law constant
|
R
|
8.31 J mol\(^{-1}\) K\(^{-1}\)
|
|
Viscous rate constant
|
A
|
\(10^5\) MPa\(^{-1}\) s\(^{-1}\)
|
|
Thermal diffusivity
|
\(\kappa\)
|
\(1\times 10^{-6}\) m\(^2\) s\(^{-1}\)
|
|
Rayleigh number
|
Ra
|
\(10^7-10^9\)
|
|
Viscous temperature parameter
|
\(\varepsilon\)
|
\(0.042-0.083\)
|
|
Viscous pressure number
|
\(\mu\)
|
\(1.2-2.4\)
|
|
Boussinesq number
|
\({\bar{B}}\)
|
0.06
|
|
Dimensionless surface temperature
|
\(\theta _0\)
|
0.1
|
|
Dissipation number
|
D
|
0.6
|
