Williamson fluid flow due to a nonlinearly stretching sheet with viscous dissipation and thermal radiation

Abstract

Williamson boundary layer fluid flow and heat transfer due to a nonlinearly stretching sheet is undertaken in this research. An important aspect of this study is that the thermal radiation and viscous dissipation phenomena are also included in this model. Because there is still much need for more accurate results, the viscosity and the fluid conductivity are assumed to vary with temperature. Our main purpose is to achieve a similar solution in this physical model. Here, we come across a highly nonlinear differential constitutive equations which are solved numerically after utilizing the shooting method. In this respect, it is noteworthy that the main characteristic developed here is that the study is made for the governing parameters and their effects on both the drag velocity and the heat transfer rate. Further, a significant effect of both radiation parameter and viscosity parameter on heating process is observed.

Introduction

During the last two decades, different immense attempts have been performed in fluid flow due to stretching sheet operation to give precious descriptions of standard manufacturing and industrial processes, such as polymer manufacturing, paper production, food preserving processes, crystal manufacturing, and petroleum filtering operation. For this sake and owing to these actual importance on this topic, many researchers have compelled to search about the novel findings which serve this field. The first contributions in this topic were inaugurated in discussion the fluid flow due to a stretched surface by Sakiadis [1]. The problem of fluid flow of Blasius type due to a stretching sheet, which has the application in the field of the drawing of plastic films has been studied by Crane [2]. Furthermore, we can resort to Chen and Char [3] to explore the mechanism of wall heatflux and its influence on an impermeable linearly stretching plate. Mohammadein and Gorla [4] investigated the heat transfer characteristics of a steady micropolar boundary layer fluid flow over a linearly stretching, continuous sheet. Shortly after the authors [4], Liu [5] perceived the general importance of hydromagnetic flow over a stretching sheet by applying it in a heat and mass transfer. Two years elapsed until Cortell [6] again presented steady flow and mass transfer approach to a second-grade fluid behavior based upon the concept of impermeable stretching sheet. In a later study, Chen [7] attempted to complete his research on some important mechanisms of MHD non-Newtonian power-law fluid over a stretching sheet. Recently, an increasing number of studies which concerning in exponentially stretching sheet can be introduced in Ref. [8–10] and in nonlinearly stretching sheet can be adequately described in Ref. [11–16].

In this work, we use the Williamson model, which was firstly studied since in 1929 by Williamson [17]. Due to the usefulness of this type of fluid, more of accurate researches are introduced in this topic [18–22]. In the framework of all previous studies and in an effort to analyze the Williamson fluid flow due to nonlinear stretching sheet with variable properties, thermal radiation, and viscous dissipation, this paper is introduced.

Mathematical description for the physical model

Currently, we will explain the physical problem under consideration by assuming that the moving fluid is a Williamson fluid with a time constant Γ. Williamson fluid embody the Cauchy stress tensor which fully governed by the extra stress tensor [18]. In addition, the motion for the fluid is yielded from the nonlinearly stretching sheet accompanying with the presence of the radiation and viscous dissipation phenomena. Also, the x- axis is selected along the sheet, while the y-axis is chosen in the orthogonal direction for the sheet (Fig 1). Due to the stretching process, this may be results in creating the velocity U_w=cx^m for the fluid, where c is a constant and m is an exponent. Herein, we suppose that both the fluid thermal conductivity κ and the fluid viscosity μ are altering with the temperature; however, the remaining fluid properties are constant.

Fig. 1

Sketch of flow over nonlinearly stretching sheet

After this former explanation and performing the approximations for the problem which we will study, we now have to present the mathematical equations which reflect what has been prescribed. These equations can be introduced in the following form [18]:

$$ \frac{\partial u}{\partial x}+\frac{\partial v}{\partial y}=0, $$

(1)

$$ u\frac{\partial u}{\partial x}+ v\frac{\partial u}{\partial y}=\frac{1}{\rho_{\infty}}\frac{\partial}{\partial y} \left(\mu(T)\frac{\partial u}{\partial y}+\mu(T)\frac{\Gamma}{\sqrt{2}}\left(\frac{\partial u}{\partial y}\right)^{2}\right), $$

(2)

$$ u\frac{\partial T}{\partial x}+ v\frac{\partial T}{\partial y}=\frac{1}{\rho_{\infty} c_{p}}\frac{\partial}{\partial y}\left(\kappa(T) \frac{\partial T}{\partial y} \right)+\frac{\mu(T)}{\rho_{\infty} c_{p}}\left(1+\frac{\Gamma}{\sqrt{2}}\frac{\partial u}{\partial y}\right)\left(\frac{\partial u}{\partial y}\right)^{2}-\frac{1}{\rho_{\infty} c_{p}}\frac{\partial q_{r}}{\partial y}, $$

(3)

we must refer that, the first equation represents the continuity equation while the second equation expresses the momentum, but the final equation reflects the energy equation. Always as usual, the characters u and v represent the components of the velocity vector in the x and y directions, respectively. Also, the constant ρ_∞ is called the fluid density at the ambient, the symbol T refers to the temperature for the Williamson fluid, and the symbol q_r describes the heat flux term which is yielded due to the radiation, while the constant property c_p is the specific heat at constant pressure.As reported previously, the Rosseland approximation [23], helped us to put q_r as a function of temperature in the following form:

$$ q_{r}=-\frac{4 \sigma^{*}}{3 k^{*}}\frac{\partial T^{4}}{\partial y}, $$

(4)

where the constant σ^∗ is the Stefan-Boltzmann and k^∗ is the absorption coefficient. In this work, the coefficient k^∗ must be coincide with the Rosseland approximation. As we observed from Eq. (4), the highly nonlinearity of the term T⁴ can be simplified by using Taylor expansion about the constant value T_∞ as $T^{4}\cong 4T_{\infty }^{3}T-3T_{\infty }^{4}$, after ignoring all higher-order terms [24].

In the same context, the nonlinear stretching process for the impermeable sheet and its temperature at the surface and away from it can be reflected in the following conditions:

$$ u=cx^{m},\quad v=0,\quad T_{w}(x)=T_{\infty}+Ax^{r} \quad at \quad y=0 $$

(5)

$$ u \rightarrow 0,\quad T \rightarrow T_{\infty}, \quad as\quad y\rightarrow \infty, $$

(6)

where T_∞ is the constant ambient temperature, A,r are constants. Now, we will introduce the non-dimensional functions f and θ in which they are function of the variable η as follows:

$$ \eta=\left(\frac{cx^{m-1}}{\nu_{\infty}}\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}y, \quad \quad \psi(x,y)= \left(cx^{m+1}\nu_{\infty}\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}f(\eta),\quad \quad \theta(\eta)= \frac{T-T_{\infty}}{T_{w}-T_{\infty}}, $$

(7)

where ν_∞ is the kinematic viscosity at the ambient and ψ(x,y) is the stream function which fulfill Eq. (1) according to:

$$ u=\frac{\partial \psi}{\partial y}, \quad \quad \quad v=-\frac{\partial \psi}{\partial x}. $$

(8)

On the other hand, some of the important assumptions in this research is that the viscosity is changing exponentially with the temperature, while the thermal conductivity is altering linearly with temperature according to these equations [25]:

$$ \mu=\mu_{\infty}e^{-\alpha\theta},\quad \quad \kappa=\kappa_{\infty}\left(1+\varepsilon\theta\right). $$

(9)

The final relations present the coefficient μ_∞ and κ_∞ which represent the viscosity and the thermal conductivity at the ambient, respectively. Also, from the same relations, the parameter α is the viscosity but the parameter ε is the thermal conductivity.

Employing Eq. (7) in the principal Eqs. (1)–(3), we trusted that Eq. (1) is exactly satisfied, while the other equations reduce to:

$$ e^{-\alpha\theta}\left(\left(1+ \delta f^{\prime\prime}\right)f^{\prime\prime\prime}-\alpha\theta'f^{\prime\prime}\left(1 +\frac{\delta}{2}f^{\prime\prime}\right) \right)+\left(\frac{m+1}{2}\right)ff^{\prime\prime}-mf'^{2}=0, $$

(10)

$$ \frac{1}{Pr}\left(\varepsilon\theta'^{2}+(1+R+\varepsilon\theta){\theta}^{\prime\prime}\right)+\left(\frac{m+1}{2}\right)f\theta'-rf'\theta+Ec \left(1 +\frac{\delta}{2}{f}^{\prime\prime}\right){f}^{\prime\prime{2}} e^{-\alpha\theta}=0, $$

(11)

and the reduced boundary conditions are

$$ f(0)=0,\quad\quad f'(0)=1,\quad\quad \theta(0)=1, \quad\quad $$

(12)

$$ f'\rightarrow 0, \quad\quad \theta\rightarrow0,\quad\quad \text{at}\quad\quad \eta\rightarrow \infty, $$

(13)

where $\delta =\left (\frac {\sqrt {2}c^{\frac {3}{2}}x^{\frac {3m-1}{2}}}{\sqrt {\nu _{\infty }}}\right)\Gamma$ is the local Williamson fluid parameter, $\text {Pr}=\frac {\mu _{\infty } c_{p}}{\kappa _{\infty }}$ is the Prandtl number, $R=\frac {16\sigma ^{*}T_{\infty }^{3}}{3\kappa _{\infty }k^{*}}$ is the radiation parameter, and $\text {Ec}=\frac {{U^{2}_{w}} }{c_{p}(T_{w}-T_{\infty })}=\frac {c^{2}x^{2m-r}}{\text {Ac}_{p}}$ is the local Eckert number. After finishing this analyzing, we observe that both the δ parameter and the Ec number are dependent of x. To overcome this dilemma which results in a non-similar solution for our problem, we should take $r=2m=\frac {2}{3}$. So, these parameters take the form, $\delta =\left (\frac {\sqrt {2}c^{\frac {3}{2}}}{\sqrt {\nu _{\infty }}}\right)\Gamma$ is the Williamson fluid parameter and $\text {Ec}=\frac {{U^{2}_{w}} }{c_{p}(T_{w}-T_{\infty })}=\frac {c^{2}}{\text {Ac}_{p}}$ is the Eckert number.

The local skin-friction coefficient and the local Nusselt number

The physical description for our problem may be completed after analyzing the quantities of local skin-friction coefficient Cf_x and the local Nusselt number Nu_x as follows:

$$ Cf_{x}=-2\text{Re}_{x}^{\frac{-1}{2}}\left(1 +\frac{\delta}{2}f^{\prime\prime}(0)\right)f^{\prime\prime}(0)e^{-\alpha\theta(0)}, $$

(14)

$$ \text{Nu}_{x} =-\text{Re}_{x}^{\frac{1}{2}}\left(1+R+\varepsilon \theta(0)\right)\theta'(0), $$

(15)

$\text {Re}_{x}=\frac {U_{w} x}{\nu _{\infty }}$ is the local Reynolds number. It is clear from Eq. (14) that the local skin-friction coefficient Cf_x is directly affected with both the viscosity parameter α and the Williamson fluid parameter δ, while noted from Eq. (15) that the local Nusselt number is influenced by both the thermal conductivity parameter ε and the radiation parameter R. Also, an implicit effects for another parameters on both the local Nusselt number and the local skin-friction coefficient can be occurred.

Solution methodology

It is impossible to get the exact solution for the system posed by (10)–(11), so we should resort to the numerical solution. Therefore, the numerical shooting method is adopted in this work to get the numerical solution of the proposed model. In this method, the governing Eqs. (10)–(11) along with the boundary conditions (12)–(13) were first reformulated as a system of first-order equations. This system cannot be solved with the infinite conditions which appear in (13). So, these conditions are replaced by appropriate finite guessing values for f^″(0) and θ^′(0) to start the solution. Whenever these values are appropriate, we hasten to get the solution. Also, the main objective of this section is to validate the numerical shooting solution to confirm the accuracy of our results. To perform this task, we must recall some previously published work which can be considered as a special case from our problem. We noticed that our problem can be reduced to the previously published work by Gorla and Sidawi [26] when δ=α=ε=R=Ec=r=0 and m=1. Therefore, after performing the comparison which appear in Table 1, the shootingmethod proves to be accurate and very powerful.

Table 1 Comparison of Nusselt number $\left (\!\text {Nu}_{x}\text {Re}_{x}^{\frac {-1}{2}}\!\right)$ for various values of Pr when δ = α = ε = R = Ec =r = 0 and m=1

Results and discussion

It must be affirmed that, this work can be completely self-contained, if we present all striking features for the non-Newtonian Williamson flow which yielded from a nonlinear stretching sheet after introducing the following graphs. The presented figures can recap all physical phenomena which can created from the introduced parameters in this section. So, the influence of the viscosity parameter α which ranging from 0.0 to 1.0 on both the velocity and temperature profiles are introduced in Figs. 2 and 3, respectively. As is foreseeable from these figures, the velocity distribution is altered with decreasing behavior by the presence of α, while the temperature profiles has a reversible trend. Physically, the feature of Fig. 3 convince and enable us to predict the thermal thickness for large values of α.

Fig. 2

Velocity f^′(η) for various α

Fig. 3

Temperature θ(η) for various α

On the other hand, Figs. 4 and 5 study the effect of Williamson δ parameter on both the velocity and temperature profiles. These figures stipulated that the velocity distribution reached a maximum when we ignored the δ parameter, i.e., (for Newtonian fluid), but Fig. 4 reveals that the temperature distribution is slightly dependent on the manner in which the δ parameter varies. Further, Fig. 5 attains close agreement about the non-Newtonian Williamson fluids having large parameter δ which can be chosen to govern the rate of heat transfer insofar as it is possible.

Fig. 4

Velocity f^′(η) for various δ

Fig. 5

Temperature θ(η) for various δ

The curves of the relationships between both ε,R parameters and the temperature distribution are presented in Figs. 6 and 7, respectively. It is clear that a thermal curve of the fluid which having less thermal conductivity was placed down the curve with more thermal conductivity, which means that a large ε value induces more progress in the distribution of the temperature inside the thermal region. On the other hand, Fig. 6 indicates that the tested heat pattern through the parameter ε was primarily affected by the Williamson fluids having variable conductivity. Further, thermal thickness and distribution of temperature with great radiation parameter R are larger than those of distribution and thermal thickness with small radiation parameter R as shown in Fig. 7.

Fig. 6

Temperature θ(η) for various ε

Fig. 7

7. Temperature θ(η) for various R

In Fig. 8, a similar behavior for the Eckert number Ec will be given, which elucidates the response of the thermal region for the viscous dissipation phenomena. It is important to bear in mind that the presence of viscous dissipation phenomena has the probability of inducing the growth of both the temperature distribution and the thickness of the thermal layer. Physically, when viscous dissipation is considered in the model, the mechanism of convective heat is strengthen and this results in thickening the thermal layer.

Fig. 8

Temperature θ(η) for various Ec

For returning to the work at hand and seeking to measure the impact of all physical parameters governing the Williamson fluid flow on both the local skin-friction coefficient $\frac {1}{2}\text {Re}_{x}^{\frac {1}{2}}\text {Cf}_{x}$ and the local Nusselt number $\text {Re}_{x}^{\frac {-1}{2}}\text {Nu}_{x}$, one needs to calculate the data which appear in Table 2. Of particular interest, introduced here are the Eckert number Ec, the viscosity parameter α, and the non-Newtonian Williamson parameter δ, in which they result in a diminishing behavior for both the local skin-friction coefficient and the local Nusselt number. On the other hand, an augmentation behavior in the local Nusselt number is noted from this study for increasing both the thermal conductivity parameter ε and the thermal radiation parameter R, but a reduction trend was for the local skin-friction coefficient.

Table 2 Values of $\frac {1}{2}\text {Re}_{x}^{\frac {1}{2}}Cf_{x}$ and $\text {Re}_{x}^{\frac {-1}{2}}\text {Nu}_{x}$ for various values of α, δ, ε, R, and Ec with $m=\frac {1}{3}, r=\frac {2}{3}, \text {Pr}=2.0$

Concluding remarks

According to the yielded analysis for the proposed Williamson fluid flow, some of main interesting results which are drawn from this study are established below in an elaborated form as follows: (i) Both the thermal radiation parameter and the Eckert number have the influence to enhance the temperature distribution, thicken the thermal region, thus increase the local Nusselt number and decrease the local skin-friction coefficient. (ii) Increasing both the viscosity parameter and the Williamson parameter will result in a rise in the temperature distribution, and hence a diminishing behavior for both the rate of heat transfer and the local skin-friction coefficient. (iii) The thermal conductivity parameter has an impact in enhancing the temperature distribution, hence an increasing behavior for the local Nusselt number.