A soft set theoretic approach to an AG-groupoid via ideal theory with applications

Faisal Yousafzai; Mohammed M. Khalaf

doi:10.1186/s42787-019-0060-7

Original Research
Open Access
Published: 30 December 2019

A soft set theoretic approach to an AG-groupoid via ideal theory with applications

Faisal Yousafzai¹ &
Mohammed M. Khalaf²

Journal of the Egyptian Mathematical Society volume 27, Article number: 58 (2019) Cite this article

293 Accesses
Metrics details

Abstract

In this paper, we study the structural properties of a non-associative algebraic structure called an AG-groupoid by using soft set theory. We characterize a right regular class of an AG-groupoid in terms of soft intersection ideals and provide counter examples to discuss the converse part of various problems. We also characterize a weakly regular class of an AG***-groupoid by using generated ideals and soft intersection ideals. We investigate the relationship between SI-left-ideal, SI-right-ideal, SI-two-sided-ideal, and SI-interior-ideal of an AG-groupoid over a universe set by providing some practical examples.

Introduction

The concept of soft set theory was introduced by Molodtsov in [16]. This theory can be used as a generic mathematical tool for dealing with uncertainties. In soft set theory, the problem of setting the membership function does not arise, which makes the theory easily applied to many different fields [1, 2, 5–9]. At present, the research work on soft set theory in algebraic fields is progressing rapidly [19, 21–23]. A soft set is a parameterized family of subsets of the universe set. In the real world, the parameters of this family arise from the view point of fuzzy set theory. Most of the researchers of algebraic structures have worked on the fuzzy aspect of soft sets. Soft set theory is applied in the field of optimization by Kovkov in [12]. Several similarity measures have been discussed in [15], decision-making problems have been studied in [21], and reduction of fuzzy soft sets and its applications in decision-making problems have been analyzed in [13]. The notions of soft numbers, soft derivatives, soft integrals, and many more have been formulated in [14]. This concept have been used for forecasting the export and import volumes in international trade [28]. A. Sezgin have introduced the concept of a soft sets in non-associative semigroups in [24] and studied soft intersection left (right, two-sided) ideals, (generalized) bi-ideals, interior ideals, and quasi-ideals in an AG-groupoid. A lot of work has been done on the applications of soft sets to a non-associative rings by T. Shah et al. in [25, 26]. They have characterized the non-associative rings through soft M-systems and different soft ideals to get generalized results.

This paper is the continuation of the work carried out by F. Yousafzai et al. in [29] in which they define the smallest one-sided ideals in an AG-groupoid and use them to characterize a strongly regular class of an AG-groupoid along with its semilattices and soft intersection left (right, two-sided) ideals, and bi-ideals. The main motivation behind this paper is to study some structural properties of a non-associative structure as it has not attracted much attention compared to associative structures. We investigate the notions of SI-left-ideal, SI -right-ideal, SI-two-sided-ideal, and SI -interior-ideal in an AG-groupoid. We provide examples/counter examples for these SI-ideals and study the relationship between them in detail. As an application of our results, we get characterizations of a right regular AG-groupoid and weakly regular AG***-groupoid in terms of SI-left-ideal, SI-right-ideal, SI-two-sided-ideal, and SI-interior-ideal.

AG-groupoids

An AG-groupoid is a non-associative and a non-commutative algebraic structure lying in a gray area between a groupoid and a commutative semigroup. Commutative law is given by abc=cba in ternary operations. By putting brackets on the left of this equation, i.e., (ab)c=(cb)a, in 1972, M. A. Kazim and M. Naseeruddin introduced a new algebraic structure called a left almost semigroup abbreviated as an LA-semigroup [10]. This identity is called the left invertive law. P. V. Protic and N. Stevanovic called the same structure an Abel-Grassmann’s groupoid abbreviated as an AG-groupoid [20].

This structure is closely related to a commutative semigroup because a commutative AG-groupoid is a semigroup [17]. It was proved in [10] that an AG-groupoid S is medial, that is, ab·cd=ac·bd holds for all a,b,c,d∈S. An AG-groupoid may or may not contain a left identity. The left identity of an AG-groupoid permits the inverses of elements in the structure. If an AG-groupoid contains a left identity, then this left identity is unique [17]. In an AG-groupoid S with left identity, the paramedial law ab·cd=dc·ba holds for all a,b,c,d∈S. By using medial law with left identity, we get a·bc=b·ac for all a,b,c∈S. We should genuinely acknowledge that much of the ground work has been done by M. A. Kazim, M. Naseeruddin, Q. Mushtaq, M. S. Kamran, P. V. Protic, N. Stevanovic, M. Khan, W. A. Dudek, and R. S. Gigon. One can be referred to [3, 4, 11, 17, 18, 20, 27] in this regard.

A nonempty subset A of an AG-groupoid S is called a left (right, interior) ideal of S if SA⊆A (AS⊆A,SA·S⊆A). Equivalently, a nonempty subset A of an AG-groupoid S is called a left (right, interior) ideal of S if SA⊆A (AS⊆A,SA·S⊆A). By two-sided ideal or simply ideal, we mean a nonempty subset of an AG-groupoid S which is both left and right ideal of S.

Soft sets

In [23], Sezgin and Atagun introduced some new operations on soft set theory and defined soft sets in the following way :

Let U be an initial universe set, E a set of parameters, P(U) the power set of U, and A⊆E. Then, a soft set (briefly, a soft set) f_A over U is a function defined by :

$$f_{A}:E\rightarrow P(U) \text{ such that } f_{A}(x)=\emptyset,\ \text{if}\ x\notin A. $$

Here, f_A is called an approximate function. A soft set over U can be represented by the set of ordered pairs as follows:

$$f_{A}=\left \{ (x,\text{ }f_{A}(x)):\text{ }x\in E,\text{ }f_{A}(x)\in P(U)\right \}. $$

It is clear that a soft set is a parameterized family of subsets of U. The set of all soft sets is denoted by S(U).

Let f_A,f_B∈S(U). Then, f_A is a soft subset of f_B, denoted by $f_{A}\overset {\sim }{\subseteq }f_{B}$ if f_A(x)⊆f_B(x) for all x∈S. Two soft sets f_A,f_B are said to be equal soft sets if $f_{A}\overset {\sim }{\subseteq }f_{B}$ and $\overset { \sim }{f_{B}\subseteq f_{A}}$ and is denoted by $f_{A}\overset {\sim }{=} f_{B} $. The union of f_A and f_B, denoted by $f_{A}\overset {\sim }{ \cup }f_{B},$ is defined by $f_{A}\overset {\sim }{\cup }f_{B}=f_{A\cup B},$ where f_A∪B(x)=f_A(x)∪f_B(x),∀x∈E. In a similar way, we can define the intersection of f_A and f_B.

Let f_A,f_B∈S(U). Then, the soft product[23] of f_A and f_B, denoted by f_A∘f_B, is defined as follows :

$$(f_{A}\circ f_{B})(x)=\left \{ \begin{array}{c} \bigcup \limits_{x=yz}\{f_{A}(y)\cap g_{_{B}}(z)\} \text{ \ \ \ \ if } \exists \text{ }y,z\in S\text{ }\ni \text{ }x=yz \\ \emptyset \text{ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ otherwise } \end{array} \right.. $$

Let f_A be a soft set of an AG-groupoid S over a universe U. Then, f_A is called a soft intersection left ideal,right ideal,interior ideal (briefly,SI -left-ideal,SI-right-ideal, SI-interior-ideal) of S over U if it satisfies f_A(xy)⊇f_A(y)(f_A(xy)⊇f_A(x),f_A(xy·z)⊇f_A(y)),∀x,y∈S. A soft set f_A is called a soft intersection two-sided ideal (briefly, SI -two-sided-ideal) of S over U if f_A is an SI -left-ideal and an SI-right-ideal of S over U.

Let A be a nonempty subset of S. We denote by X_A the soft characteristic functionof A and define it as follows:

$$X_{A}=\left \{ \begin{array}{c} U\text{ \ \ \ if }x\in A \\ \emptyset \text{\ \ \ if }x\notin A\text{\ \ \ } \end{array} \right.. $$

Note that the soft characteristic mapping of the whole set S, denoted by X_S, is called an identity soft mapping.

Basic results

Lemma 1

[29] For a nonempty subset A of an AG-groupoid S, the following conditions are equivalent :

(i)Ais a left ideal (right ideal,interior ideal)of S;

(ii)A soft set X_AofSoverUis an SI-left-ideal (SI -right-ideal,SI-interior-ideal)ofSover U.

Lemma 2

[29] Let S be an AG-groupoid. For ∅≠A,B⊆S, the following assertions hold :

$(i) X_{A}\overset {\sim }{\cap }X_{B}=X_{A\cap B};$

(ii)X_A∘X_B=X_AB.

Remark 1

[29]The set (S (U),∘) forms an AG-groupoid and satisfies all the basic laws.

Remark 2

[29] If S is an AG-groupoid, then X_S∘X_S=X_S.

Lemma 3

Let f_A be anysoft set of a right regular AG-groupoid S with left identity over U. Then, f_Aisan SI-right-ideal (SI-left-ideal, SI-interior-ideal)ofSoverUif and only if f_A=f_A∘X_S(f_A=X_S∘f_A,f_A=(X_S∘f_A)∘X_S) and f_Ais soft semiprime.

Proof

It is simple. □

Lemma 4

For every SI-interior-ideal f_A of a right regular AG-groupoid S with left identity over U,f_A=X_S∘f_A=f∘X_S.

Proof

Assume that f_A is any SI-interior-ideal of S with left identity over U. Then, by using Remark 2 and Lemma 3, we have X_S∘f_A=(X_S∘X_S)∘f_A=(f_A∘X_S)∘X_S=(f_A∘X_S)∘(X_S∘X_S)=(X_S∘X_S)∘(X_S∘f_A)=((X_S∘f_A)∘X_S)∘X_S=f_A∘X_S and X_S∘f_A=(X_S∘X_S)∘f_A=(f_A∘X_S)∘X_S=(X_S∘f_A)∘X_S=f_A. □

Lemma 5

[29] Let f_A be any soft set of an AG-groupoid S over U. Then, f_Ais anSI-right-ideal (SI-left-ideal)ofSoverUif and only if$f_{A}\circ X_{S}\overset {\sim }{\subseteq }f_{A} (X_{S}\circ f_{A}\overset {\sim }{\subseteq }f_{A}).$

Lemma 6

A right (left, two-sided) ideal R of an AG-groupoid S is semiprime if and only if X_R is softsemiprime over U.

Proof

Let R be a right ideal of S. By Lemma 1, X_R is an SI-right-ideal of S over U. If a∈S, then by given assumption (X_R)(a)⊇(X_R)(a²). Now a²∈R, implies that a∈R. Thus every right ideal of S is semiprime. The converse is simple. Similarly every left or two-sided ideal of S is semiprime if and only if its identity soft mapping is soft semiprime over U. □

Corollary 1

If any SI-right-ideal (SI -left-ideal, SI-two-sided-ideal) of an AG-groupoid S is S-semiprime, then any right (left, two-sided) ideal of S is semiprime.

The converse of Lemma 6 is not true in general which can be followed from the following example.

Example 1

Let us consider an initial universe setUgiven by$U= \mathbb {Z},$ and S={1,2,3,4,5}be a set of parameters with the following binary operation.

It is easy to check that (S,∗)is an AG-groupoid with left identity4.

Notice that the only left ideals ofSare {1,2,5}, {1,3,5}, {1,2,3,5}and {1,5}respectively which are semiprime. Clearly, the right and two-sided ideals ofSare {1,2,3,5}and {1,5}which are also semiprime. On the other hand,let A=Sand definea soft set f_AofSoverUas follows:

${f}_{A}{(x)=}\left \{ \begin {array}{c} \mathbb {Z} \ \text {if}\ x=1 \\ 4 \mathbb {Z} \ \text {if}\ x=2 \\ 4 \mathbb {Z} \ \text {if}\ x=3 \\ 8 \mathbb {Z} \ \text {if}\ x=4 \\ 2 \mathbb {Z} \ \text {if}\ x=5 \end {array} \right \} {.}$

Then, f_Ais an SI-right-ideal (SI-left-ideal,SI-two-sided-ideal )ofSoverUbut f_Ais not soft semiprime. Indeed$f_{A}(2) \varsupsetneq f_{A}(2^{2}).$

Remark 3

If any SI-interior-ideal of an AG-groupoid S with left identity over U is an S-semiprime over U, then any interior ideal of S is semiprime. The converse inclusion is not true in general.

The following lemma will be used frequently in upcoming section without mention in the sequel.

Lemma 7

Let S be an AG-groupoid with left identity. Then, Sa and Sa² are the left and interior ideals of S respectively.

Proof

It is simple. □

Right regular AG-groupoids

An element a of an AG-groupoid S is called a left (right) regular element of S if there exists some x∈S such that a=a²x (a=xa²) and S is called left (right) regular if every element of S is left (right) regular.

Remark 4

Let S be an AG-groupoid with left identity. Then, the concepts of left and right regularity coincide in S.

Indeed,for every a∈Sthere exist some x,y∈Ssuch that a=xa²=a²y. As a=xa²=ex·aa=aa·xe=a²y,and a=a²y=xa²also holds in a similar way.

Let us give an example of an AG-groupoid which will be used for the converse parts of various problems in this section.

Example 2

Let us consider an AG-groupoid S={1,2,3,4,5} with left identity 4 defined in the following multiplication table.

It is easy to check that S is non-commutative and non-associative.

An AG-groupoid S is called left (right) duo if every left (right) ideal of S is a two-sided ideal of S and is called duo if it is both left and right duo. Similarly an AG-groupoid S is called an SI-left (SI-right) duo if every SI-left-ideal (SI-right-ideal) of S over U is an SI-two-sided-ideal of S over U, and S is called an SI-duo if it is both an SI-left and an SI-right duo.

Lemma 8

If every SI-left-ideal of an AG-groupoid S with left identity over U is anSI-interior-ideal of S over U, then S is left duo.

Proof

Let I be any left ideal of S with left identity. Now by Lemma 1, the identity soft mapping X_I is an SI-left-ideal of S over U. Thus, by hypothesis, X_I is anSI-interior-ideal of S over U, and by using Lemma 1 again, I is an interior ideal of S. Thus IS=I·SS=S·IS=SS·IS=SI·SS=SI·S⊆I. This shows that S is left duo. □

The converse part of Lemma 8 is not true in general. Let us consider an AG-groupoid S (from Example 2). It is easy to see that S is left duo because the only left ideal of S is {1,5} which is also a right ideal of S. Let A=S and define a soft set f_A of S over U={p₁,p₂,p₃,p_4,p₅,p₆} as follows:

$f_{A}(x)=\left \{ \begin {array}{c} U\ \text {if}\ x=1 \\ \{p_{1},p_{2},p_{3},p_{4}\}\ \text {if}x\ =2 \\ \{p_{2},p_{3},p_{4,},p_{5}\}\ \text {if}\ x=3 \\ \{p_{3},p_{4,},p_{5}\}\ \text {if}\ x=4 \\ \{p_{1},p_{2},p_{3},p_{4,}p_{5}\}\ \text {if}\ x=5 \end {array} \right \}.$

Then, it is easy to see that f_A is anSI -left-ideal of S over U but it is not anSI -interior-ideal of S over U because $f_{A}(42\ast 4)\varsupsetneq f_{A}(2).$

Corollary 2

Every interior ideal of an AG-groupoid S with left identity is a right ideal of S.

Theorem 1

Every SI-right-ideal of an AG-groupoid S with left identity is anSI-interior-ideal of S over U if and only if S is right duo.

Proof

It is simple. □

Theorem 2

Let S be a right regular AG-groupoid with left identity. Then, S is left duo if and only if every SI-left-ideal of S over U is anSI-interior-ideal of S over U.

Proof

Necessity. Let a right regular S with left identity be a left duo, and assume that f_A is any SI-left-ideal of S over U. Let a,b,c∈S, then b≤xb² for some x∈S. Since Sa is a left ideal of S, therefore by hypothesis, Sa is a two-sided ideal of S. Thus, ab·c=a(x·bb)·c=a(b·xb)·c=b(a·xb)·c=c(a·xb)·b. It follows that ab·c∈S(a·SS)·b⊆(S·aS)b=(SS·aS)b=(Sa·SS)b⊆(Sa·S)b⊆Sa·b. Thus, ab·c=ta·b for some t∈S, and therefore f_A(ab·c)=f_A(ta·b)⊇f_A(b), implies that f_A is anSI-interior-ideal of S over U.

Sufficiency. It can be followed from Lemma 8. □

By left-right dual of above Theorem, we have the following Theorem :

Theorem 3

Let S be a right regular AG-groupoid with left identity. Then,S is right duo if and only if every SI-right-ideal of S over U is anSI-interior-ideal of S over U.

Lemma 9

A non-empty subset A of a right regular AG-groupoid S with left identity is a two-sided ideal of S if and only if it is an interior ideal of S.

Proof

It is simple. □

Lemma 10

Every left ideal of an AG-groupoid S with left identity is an interior ideal of S if S is an SI-left duo.

Proof

It can be followed from Lemmas 1 and 9. □

The converse of Lemma 10 is not true in general. The only left ideal of S (from Example 2) is {1,2} which is also an interior ideal of S. Let A={2,3,4,5} and define a soft set f_A of S over $ U= \mathbb {Z} $ as follows:

$f_{A}(x)=\left \{ \begin {array}{c} 4 \mathbb {Z} \ \text {if}\ x=2 \\ 8 \mathbb {Z} \ \text {if}\ x=3 \\ 16 \mathbb {Z} \ \text {if}\ x=4 \\ 2 \mathbb {Z} \ \text {if}\ x=5 \end {array} \right \} $.

Then, it is easy to see that f_A is anSI -left-ideal of S over U but it is not anSI -right-ideal of S over U because $f_{A}(2\ast 4)\varsupsetneq f_{A}(2).$

It is easy to see that every SI-right-ideal of S with left identity over U is anSI-left-ideal of S over U.

Remark 5

Every SI-right-ideal of an AG-groupoid S with left identity is anSI-left-ideal of S over U, but the converse is not true in general.

Theorem 4

Every right ideal of an AG-groupoid S with left identity is an interior ideal of S if and only if S is an SI-right duo.

Proof

It is straightforward. □

Theorem 5

Let S be a right regular AG-groupoid with left identity. Then,S is an SI-left duo if and only if every left ideal of S is an interior ideal of S.

Proof

The direct part can be followed from Lemma 10. The converse is simple. □

By left-right dual of above Theorem, we have the following Theorem.

Theorem 6

Let S be a right regular AG-groupoid with left identity. Then,S is an SI-right duo if and only if every right ideal of S is an interior ideal of S.

Theorem 7

Let S be an AG-groupoid with left identity and E={x∈S:x=x²}⊆S. Then the following assertions hold :

(i)Eforms a semilattice ;

(ii)Eis a singleton set,if a=ax·a,∀a,x∈S.

Proof

It is simple. □

Theorem 8

For an AG-groupoid S with left identity, the following conditions are equivalent :

(i)Sis right regular ;

(ii)For any interior idealIof S;

(a) I⊆I²,

(b)Iis semiprime.

(iii)For any SI-interior-ideal f_AofSover U;

(a)$f_{A}\overset {\sim }{\subseteq }f_{A}\circ f_{A},$

(b) f_Ais soft semiprime over U.

(iv)Sis right regular and |E|=1, (a=ax·a, ∀ a,x∈E);

(v)Sis right regular and ∅≠E⊆Sis semilattice.

Proof

(i)⇒(v)⇒(iv) can be followed from Theorem 7.

(iv)⇒(iii):(a). Let f_A be any SI -interior-ideal of a right regular S with left identity. Thus, for each a∈S, there exists some x∈S such that a=x·aa=a·xa=a·x(x·aa)=a·(ex)(a·xa)=a·(xa·a)(xe). Therefore,

$$\begin{array}{@{}rcl@{}} (f_{A}\circ f_{A})(a) &=&\bigcup \limits_{a=a\cdot (xa\cdot a)(xe)}\left \{ f_{A}(a)\cap f_{A}((xa\cdot a)(xe))\right \} \\ &\supseteq &f_{A}(a)\cap f_{A}((xa\cdot a)(xe))\supseteq f_{A}(a)\cap f_{A}(a)=f_{A}(a)\text{.} \end{array} $$

This shows that $f_{A}\overset {\sim }{\subseteq }f_{A}\circ f_{A}.$

(b). Also,

$$\begin{array}{@{}rcl@{}} a &=&x\cdot aa\leq ex\cdot aa=aa\cdot xe=(a\cdot xa^{2})(xe)=(x\cdot aa^{2})(xe)=x(ea\cdot aa)\cdot (xe) \\ &=&x(aa\cdot ae)\cdot (xe)=(aa)(x\cdot ae)\cdot (xe)=(ae\cdot x)(aa)\cdot (xe)=(ae\cdot x)a^{2}\cdot (xe). \end{array} $$

This implies that f_A(a)=f_A((ae·x)a²·(xe))⊇f_A(a²). Hence, f_A is softsemiprime.

(iii)⇒(ii):(a). Assume that I is any interior ideal of S, then by using Lemma 1, X_I is an SI-interior-ideal of S over U. Let i∈I, then by using Lemma 2, we have X_I(i)⊆(X_I∘X_I)(i)=(X_I)(i)=U. Hence, I⊆I².

(b). Let i²∈I. Then, by given assumption, we have X_I(i)⊇X_I(i²)=U. This implies that i∈I, and therefore I is semiprime.

(ii)⇒(i): Let a∈S with left identity. Since Sa² is an interior ideals of S, and clearly a²∈Sa². Thus, by using given assumption, a∈Sa². Hence, S is right regular. □

Corollary 3

Every SI-interior-ideal of a right regular AG-groupoid S with left identity is softsemiprime over U.

Proof

Let f_I be any SI-interior-ideal of a right regular S with left identity. Then, for each a∈S, there exists some x∈S such that f_I(a)=f_I(x·aa)=f_I(a·xa)=f_I(xa²·xa)⊇f_I(a²). □

Corollary 4

Let I be an interior ideal of an AG-groupoid S. Then, I is semiprime if and only if X_I is softsemiprime over U.

Theorem 9

Let S be an AG-groupoid with left identity. Then, S is right regular if and only if every SI-interior-ideal f_A of S over U is softidempotent and softsemiprime.

Proof

Necessity : Let f_A be any SI-interior-ideal of a right regular S with left identity over U. Then, clearly $f_{A}\circ f_{A} \overset {\sim }{\subseteq }f_{A}$. Now for each a∈S, there exists some x∈S such that a=x·aa=a·xa=ea·xa=ax·ae=(ae·x)a. Thus,

$$\begin{array}{@{}rcl@{}} (f_{A}\circ f_{A})(a) &=&\bigcup \limits_{a=(ae\cdot x)a}\left \{ f_{A}(ae\cdot x)\cap f_{A}(a)\right \} \supseteq f_{A}(ae\cdot x)\cap f_{A}(a) \\ &\supseteq &f_{A}(a)\cap f_{A}(a)=(f_{A}\cap f_{A})(a)=f_{A}(a)\text{.} \end{array} $$

This shows that f_A is softidempotent over U. Again a=ex·aa=aa·xe=a²·xe. Therefore, f_A(a)=f_A(a²·xe)⊇f_A(a²). Hence, f_A is softsemiprime over U.

Sufficiency : Since Sa² is an interior ideal of S, therefore by Lemma 1, its soft characteristic function $\phantom {\dot {i}\!}X_{Sa^{2}}$ is an SI-interior-ideal of S over U such that $\phantom {\dot {i}\!}X_{Sa^{2}}$ is softidempotent over U. Since by given assumption, $\phantom {\dot {i}\!}X_{Sa^{2}}$ is softsemiprime over U so by Corollary 4,Sa² is semiprime. Since a²∈Sa², therefore, a∈a²S. Thus, by using Lemma 2, we have $\phantom {\dot {i}\!}X_{Sa^{2}}\circ X_{Sa^{2}}=X_{Sa^{2}},$ and $\phantom {\dot {i}\!}X_{Sa^{2}}\circ X_{Sa^{2}}=X_{(Sa^{2}\cdot Sa^{2})}.$ Thus, we get $\phantom {\dot {i}\!}X_{(Sa^{2}\cdot Sa^{2})}=X_{Sa^{2}}.$ This implies that $\phantom {\dot {i}\!}X_{(Sa^{2}\cdot Sa^{2})}(a)=X_{Sa^{2}}(a)=U.$ Therefore, a∈Sa²·Sa²=a²S·Sa²=(Sa²·S)a²⊆Sa². Hence,S is right regular. □

Lemma 11

Every SI-interior-ideal of a right regular AG-groupoid S with left identity over U is softidempotent.

Proof

Let f_A be any SI-interior-ideal of a right regular S with left identity over U. Then, by using Lemma 4, $f_{A}\circ f_{A}\overset {\sim }{\subseteq }f_{A}$. Since S right regular, therefore for every a∈S there exists some x∈S such that a=x·aa=a·xa=xa²·xa=ax·a²x=(a²x·x)a=(xx·aa)a=(aa·x²)a. Therefore,

$$\begin{array}{@{}rcl@{}} (f_{A}\circ f_{A})(a) &=&\bigcup \limits_{a=(aa\cdot x^{2})a}\left \{ f_{A}(aa\cdot x^{2})\cap f_{A}(a)\right \} \supseteq f_{A}(aa\cdot x^{2})\cap f_{A}(a) \\ &\supseteq &f_{A}(a)\cap f_{A}(a)=(f_{A}\cap f_{A})(a)\text{.} \end{array} $$

Thus, f_A∘f_A=f_A. □

Theorem 10

Let S be an AG-groupoid with left identity and f_A be any SI-interior-ideal of$\ S\mathcal {\ }$over U. Then,S is right regular if and only if f_A=(X_S∘f_A)² and f_A is softsemiprime.

Proof

Necessity : Let f_A be any SI-interior-ideal of a right regular S with left identity over U. Then, by using Lemmas 4 and 2, we have

$$(X_{S}\circ (X_{S}\circ f_{A}))\circ X_{S}=(X_{S}\circ f_{A})\circ X_{S}=(f_{A}\circ X_{S})\circ X_{S}=(X_{S}\circ X_{S})\circ f_{A}=X_{S}\circ f_{A}. $$

This shows that X_S∘f_A is anSI -interior-ideal of S over U. Now by using Lemmas 11 and 4, we have (X_S∘f_A)²=X_S∘f_A=f_A. It is easy to see that f_A is softsemiprime.

Sufficiency : Let f_A=(X_S∘f_A)² holds for any SI-interior-ideal f_A of S over U. Then, by given assumption and Lemma 14, we get, $f_{A}=(X_{S}\circ f_{A})^{2}=f_{A}^{2}.$ Thus, by using Theorem 9, S is right regular. □

Corollary 5

Let S be an AG-groupoid with left identity and f_A be any SI-interior-ideal of$\ S\mathcal {\ }$over U. Then, S is right regular if and only if $f_{A}=X_{S}\circ f_{A}^{2}$ and f_A is soft semiprime.

Proof

From above theorem, $f_{A}=(X_{S}\circ f_{A})^{2}=(X_{S}\circ f_{A})(X_{S}\circ f_{A})=(X_{S}\circ f_{A})\circ f_{A}=(f_{A}\circ f_{A})\circ X_{S}=(f_{A}\circ f_{A})\circ (X_{S}\circ X_{S})=(X_{S}\circ X_{S})\circ (f_{A}\circ f_{A})=X_{S}\circ f_{A}^{2}.$ □

Lemma 12

Let S be an AG-groupoid with left identity and f_A be any SI-left-ideal (SI -right-ideal,SI-two-sided-ideal)of$ \ S\mathcal {\ }$over U. Then, S is right regular if and only if f_A is softidempotent.

Proof

Necessity : Let f_A be anSI-left-ideal of a right regular S with left identity over U. Then, it is easy to see that $ f_{A}\circ f_{A}\overset {\sim }{\subseteq }f_{A}.$ Let a∈S, then there exists x∈S such that a=aa·x=xa·a. Thus

$$(f_{A}\circ f_{A})(a)=\bigcup \limits_{a=xa\cdot a}\{f_{A}(xa)\cap f_{A}(a)\} \supseteq f_{A}(a)\cap f_{A}(a)=f_{A}(a), $$

which implies that f_A is softidempotent.

Sufficiency : Assume that f_A∘f_A=f_A holds for all SI-left-ideal of S with a left identity over U. Since Sa is a left ideal of S, therefore by Lemma 1, it follows that X_Sa is anSI-left-ideal of S over U. Since a∈Sa, it follows that (X_Sa)(a)=U. By hypothesis and Lemma 2, we obtain (X_Sa)∘(X_Sa)=X_Sa and (X_Sa)∘(X_Sa)=X_Sa·Sa. Thus, we have (X_Sa·Sa)(a)=X_Sa(a)=U, which implies that a∈Sa·Sa. Therefore, a∈Sa·Sa=S²a²=Sa². This shows that S is right regular. □

Theorem 11

Let S be an AG-groupoid with left identity and f_A be any SI-left-ideal (SI -right-ideal,SI-two-sided-ideal) of$\ S \mathcal {\ }$over U. Then, S is right regular if and only if f_A=(X_S∘f_A)∘(X_S∘f_A).

Proof

Necessity : Let S be a right regular S with left identity and let f_A be any SI-left-ideal of S over U. It is easy to see that X_S∘f_A is also anSI -left-ideal of S over U. By Lemma 12, we obtain $(X_{S}\circ f_{A})\circ (X_{S}\circ f_{A})=(X_{S}\circ f_{A})\overset {\sim }{\subseteq } f_{A}.$ Let a∈S, then there exists x∈S such that a=aa·x=xa·a=(xa)(aa·x)=(xa)(xa·a). Therefore,

$$\begin{array}{@{}rcl@{}} \left((X_{S}\circ f_{A})\circ (X_{S}\circ f_{A})\right) (a) &\supseteq &(X_{S}\circ f_{A})(xa)\cap (X_{S}\circ f_{A})(xa\cdot a) \\ &\supseteq &X_{S}(x)\cap f_{A}(a)\cap X_{S}(xa)\cap f_{A}(a)=f_{A}(a), \end{array} $$

which is what we set out to prove.

Sufficiency : Suppose that f_A=(X_S∘f_A)∘(X_S∘f_A) holds for all SI-left-ideal f_A of S over U. Then $f_{A}=(X_{S}\circ f_{A})\circ (X_{S}\circ f_{A})\overset {\sim }{ \subseteq }f_{A}\circ f_{A}\overset {\sim }{\subseteq }X_{S}\circ f_{A} \overset {\sim }{\subseteq }f_{A}.$ Thus, by Lemma 12, it follows that S is right regular. □

Lemma 13

Let f_A be any SI-interior-ideal of a right regular AG-groupoid S with left identity$\mathcal {\ }$over U. Then, f_A(a)=f_A(a²), for all a∈S.

Proof

Let f_A be any SI-interior-ideal of a right regular S with left identity over U. For a∈S, there exists some x in S such that a=ex·aa=aa·xe=(xe·a)a=(xe·a)(ex·aa)=(xe·a)(aa·xe)=aa·(xe·a)(xe)=ea²·(xe·a)(xe). Therefore f_A(a)=f_A(ea²·(xe·a)(xe))⊇f_A(a²)=f_A(aa)=f_A(a(ex·aa))=f_A(a(aa·xe))=f_A((aa)(a·xe))=f_A((xe·a)(aa))⊇f_A(a). That is, f_A(a)=f_A(a²),∀a∈S □

The converse of Lemma 13 is not true in general. Let us consider an AG-groupoid S (from Example 2). Let A={1,2,4,5} and define a soft set f_A of S over $U=\left \{ \left [ \begin {array}{cc} 0 & 0 \\ x & x \end {array} \right ] /x\in \mathbb {Z} _{3}\right \} ($the set of all 2×2 matrices with entries from $ \mathbb {Z} _{3})$ as follows:

$f_{A}(x)=\left \{ \begin {array}{c} \left \{ \left [ \begin {array}{cc} 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 \end {array} \right ],\left [ \begin {array}{cc} 0 & 0 \\ 1 & 1 \end {array} \right ],\left [ \begin {array}{cc} 0 & 0 \\ 2 & 2 \end {array} \right ] \right \}\ \text {if}\ x=1 \\ \left \{ \left [ \begin {array}{cc} 0 & 0 \\ 1 & 1 \end {array} \right ],\left [ \begin {array}{cc} 0 & 0 \\ 2 & 2 \end {array} \right ] \right \}\ \text {if}\ x=2 \\ \left \{ \left [ \begin {array}{cc} 0 & 0 \\ 2 & 2 \end {array} \right ] \right \}\ \text {if}\ x=4 \\ \left \{ \left [ \begin {array}{cc} 0 & 0 \\ 1 & 1 \end {array} \right ],\left [ \begin {array}{cc} 0 & 0 \\ 2 & 2 \end {array} \right ] \right \}\ \text {if}\ x=\mathit {5} \end {array} \right \}.$

It is easy to see that f_A is anSI -interior-ideal of S such that f_A(x)⊇f_A(x²),∀x∈S but S is not right regular.

On the other hand, it is easy to see that every SI -two-sided-ideal of S over U is anSI -interior-ideal of S over U.

Remark 6

Every SI-two-sided-ideal of a right regular AG-groupoid S with left identity$\mathcal {\ }$over U is an SI-interior-ideal of S over U but the converse is not true in general.

Theorem 12

For an AG-groupoid S with left identity, the following conditions are equivalent :

(i)Sis right regular ;

(ii)Every interior ideal ofSis semiprime ;

(iii)Every SI-interior-ideal ofSoverUis soft semiprime ;

(iv)For every SI-interior-ideal f_AofSover U, f_A(a)=f_A(a²), ∀ a∈S.

Proof

(i)⇒(iv) can be followed from Lemma 13.

(iv)⇒(iii) and (iii)⇒(ii) are obvious.

(ii)⇒(i): Since Sa² is an interior ideal of S with left identity such that a²∈Sa², therefore by given assumption, we have a∈Sa². Thus, S is right regular. □

Weakly regular AG ^***-groupoids

An AG-groupoid S is called an AG ^***-groupoid [29] if the following conditions are satisfied :

(i) For all a,b,c∈S,a·bc=b·ac;

(ii) For all a∈S, there exist some b,c∈S such that a=bc.

An AG-groupoid satisfying (i) is called an AG ^**-groupoid. The condition (ii) for an AG ^**-groupoid to become an AG ^***-groupoid is equivalent to S=S².

Let S={1,2,3,4} be an AG-groupoid define in the following multiplication table.

It is easy to verify that (S,·) is an AG ^*** -groupoid.

Note that every AG-groupoid with left identity is an AG ^*** -groupoid but the converse is not true in general. An AG-groupoid in the above example is an AG ^***-groupoid, but it does not contains a left identity. Hence, we can say that an AG ^***-groupoid is the generalization of an AG-groupoid with left identity.

An element a of an AG-groupoid S is called a weakly regular element of S if there exist some x,y∈S such that a=ax·ay and S is called weakly regular if every element of S is weakly regular.

Remark 7

Let S be anAG ^***-groupoid. Then, the concepts of weak and right regularity coincide in S.

Let S be an AG ^***-groupoid. From now onward,R (resp.L) will denote any right (resp. left) ideal of $S; \left \langle R\right \rangle _{a^{2}}$ will denote a right ideal Sa²∪a² of S containing a² and 〈L〉_a will denote a left ideal Sa∪a of S containing a;f_A(resp.g_B) will denote any SI-right-ideal of S (resp. SI-left-ideal of S) over U unless otherwise specified.

Theorem 13

LetSbe anAG ^***-groupoid. Then,Sis weakly regular if and only if $\left \langle R\right \rangle _{a^{2}}\cap \left \langle L\right \rangle _{a}=\left \langle R\right \rangle _{a^{2}}^{2}\left \langle L\right \rangle _{a}^{2}$ and $\left \langle R\right \rangle _{a^{2}}$ is semiprime.

Proof

Necessity : Let S be weakly regular. It is easy to see that $ \left \langle R\right \rangle _{a^{2}}^{2}\left \langle L\right \rangle _{a}^{2}\subseteq \left \langle R\right \rangle _{a^{2}}\cap \left \langle L\right \rangle _{a}.$ Let $a\in \left \langle R\right \rangle _{a^{2}}\cap \left \langle L\right \rangle _{a}.$ Then, there exist some x,y∈S such that

$$\begin{array}{@{}rcl@{}} a &=&ax\cdot ay=(ax\cdot ay)x\cdot (ax\cdot ay)y=(x\cdot ay)(ax)\cdot (y\cdot ay)(ax) \\ &=&(a\cdot xy)(ax)\cdot (ay^{2})(ax)=(a\cdot xy)(ax)\cdot (xa)(y^{2}a) \\ &\in &(\left \langle R\right \rangle_{a^{2}}S\cdot \left \langle R\right \rangle_{a^{2}}S)(S\left \langle L\right \rangle_{a}\cdot S\left \langle L\right \rangle_{a})\subseteq \left \langle R\right \rangle_{a^{2}}^{2}\left \langle L\right \rangle_{a}^{2}, \end{array} $$

which shows that $\left \langle R\right \rangle _{a^{2}}\cap \left \langle L\right \rangle _{a}=\left \langle R\right \rangle _{a^{2}}^{2}\left \langle L\right \rangle _{a}^{2}.$ It is easy to see that $\left \langle R\right \rangle _{a^{2}}$ is semiprime.

Sufficiency : Since Sa²∪a² and Sa∪a are the right and left ideals of S containing a² and a respectively. Thus, by using given assumption, we get

$$\begin{array}{@{}rcl@{}} a &\in &\left(Sa^{2}\cup a^{2}\right)\cap (Sa\cup a)=\left(Sa^{2}\cup a^{2}\right)^{2}(Sa\cup a)^{2} \\ &=&\left(Sa^{2}\cup a^{2}\right)\left(Sa^{2}\cup a\right)\cdot (Sa\cup a)(Sa\cup a) \\ &\subseteq &S\left(Sa^{2}\cup a\right)\cdot S(Sa\cup a)=\left(S\cdot Sa^{2}\cup Sa\right)(S\cdot Sa\cup Sa) \\ &=&\left(a^{2}S\cdot S\cup Sa\right)(aS\cdot S\cup Sa)=\left(Sa^{2}\cup Sa\right)(Sa\cup Sa) \\ &=&\left(a^{2}S\cup Sa\right)(Sa\cup Sa)=(Sa\cdot a\cup Sa)(Sa\cup Sa) \\ &\subseteq &(Sa\cup Sa)(Sa\cup Sa)=Sa\cdot Sa=aS\cdot aS. \end{array} $$

This implies that S is weakly regular. □

Corollary 6

LetSbe anAG ^***-groupoid. Then,Sis weakly regular if and only if $ \left \langle R\right \rangle _{a^{2}}\cap \left \langle L\right \rangle _{a}=\left \langle L\right \rangle _{a}^{2}\left \langle R\right \rangle _{a^{2}}^{2}$ and $\left \langle R\right \rangle _{a^{2}}$ is semiprime.

Theorem 14

LetSbe anAG ^***-groupoid. Then, the following conditions are equivalent :

(i)Sis weakly regular ;

$(ii) \left \langle R\right \rangle _{a^{2}}\cap \left \langle L\right \rangle _{a}=\left \langle L\right \rangle _{a}^{2}\left \langle R\right \rangle _{a^{2}}^{2}$and$\left \langle R\right \rangle _{a^{2}}$is semiprime ;

(iii) R∩L=L²R² andRsemiprime ;

$\left (iv\right) \ f_{A}\overset {\sim }{\cap }g_{B}=(f_{A}\circ g_{B})\circ (f_{A}\circ g_{B})\ $and f_Ais soft semiprime ;

(v)Sisweakly regular and |E|=1,(a=ax·a,∀a,x∈E);

(vi)Sisweakly regular and ∅≠E⊆Sis semilattice.

Proof

(i)⇒(vi)⇒(v): It can be followed from Theorem 7.

(v)⇒(iv): Let f_A and g_B be any SI -right-ideal and SI-left-ideal of a weakly regular S over U respectively. From Lemma 5, it is easy to show that $(f_{A}\circ g_{B})\circ (f_{A}\circ g_{B})\overset {\sim }{\subseteq }f_{A}\overset {\sim } {\cap }g_{B}.$ Now for a∈S, there exist some x,y∈S such that

$$\begin{array}{@{}rcl@{}} a &=&ax\cdot ay=(ax\cdot ay)x\cdot (ax\cdot ay)y=(ax\cdot ay)\cdot ((ax\cdot ay)x)y \\ &=&(ax\cdot ay)\cdot (yx)(ax\cdot ay)=(ax\cdot ay)\cdot (ax)(yx\cdot ay) \\ &=&(ax\cdot ay)\cdot (ay\cdot yx)(xa)=(ax\cdot ay)\cdot ((yx\cdot y)a)(xa) \\ &=&(ax)((yx\cdot y)a)\cdot (ay)(xa)=(ax)(ba)\cdot (ay)(xa),\ \text{where}\ yx\cdot y=b. \end{array} $$

Therefore,

$$\begin{array}{@{}rcl@{}} ((f_{A}\circ g_{B})\circ (f_{A}\circ g_{B}))(a) &=&\bigcup \limits_{a=(ax)(ba)\cdot (ay)(xa)}\{(f_{A}\circ g_{B})(ax\cdot ba) \\ &&\cap (f_{A}\circ g_{B})(ay\cdot xa)\} \\ &\supseteq &\bigcup \limits_{ax\cdot ba=ax\cdot ba}\{f_{A}(ax)\cap g_{B}(ba)\} \\ &&\cap \bigcup \limits_{ay\cdot xa=ay\cdot xa}\{f_{A}(ay)\cap g_{B}(xa)\} \\ &\supseteq &f_{A}(ax)\cap g_{B}(ba)\cap f_{A}(ay)\cap g_{B}(xa) \\ &\supseteq &f_{A}(a)\cap g_{B}(a), \end{array} $$

which shows that $(f_{A}\circ g_{B})\circ (f_{A}\circ g_{B})\overset {\sim }{ \supseteq }f_{A}\overset {\sim }{\cap }g_{B}.$ Hence, $f_{A}\overset {\sim }{ \cap }g_{B}=(f_{A}\circ g_{B})\circ (f_{A}\circ g_{B})$. Also by using Lemma 3, f_A is softsemiprime.

(iv)⇒(iii): Let R and L be any left and right ideals of S. Then, by using Lemma 1, X_R and X_L are the SI-right-ideal and SI-left-ideal of S over U respectively. Now by using Lemma 2, we get $X_{R\cap L}=X_{R}\overset {\sim }{\cap }X_{L}=(X_{R}\circ X_{L})\circ (X_{R}\circ X_{L})=(X_{R}\circ X_{R})\circ (X_{L}\circ X_{L})=X_{R^{2}}\circ X_{L^{2}}=X_{R^{2}L^{2}}=X_{L^{2}R^{2}},$which implies that R∩L=L²R².

(iii)⇒(ii): It is simple.

(ii)⇒(i): It can be followed from Corollary 6. □

Lemma 14

Let R be a right ideal and L be a left ideal of a unitary AG-groupoid S with left identity respectively. Then,RL is a left ideal of S.

Proof

It is simple. □

Theorem 15

LetSbe anAG ^***-groupoid. Then, the following conditions are equivalent :

(i)Sis weakly regular ;

(ii)$\left \langle R\right \rangle _{a^{2}}\cap \left \langle L\right \rangle _{a}=\left \langle R\right \rangle _{a^{2}}\left \langle L\right \rangle _{a}\cdot \left \langle R\right \rangle _{a^{2}}$and$\left \langle R\right \rangle _{a^{2}}$is semiprime ;

(iii) R∩L=RL·RandRis semiprime ;

(iv)$f_{A}\overset {\sim }{\cap }g_{B}=(f_{A}\circ g_{B})\circ f_{A}\mathit {\ }$and f_Ais soft semiprime ;

(v)Sisweakly regular and |E|=1,(a=ax·a,∀a,x∈E);

(vi)Sisweakly regular and ∅≠E⊆Sis semilattice.

Proof

(i)⇒(vi)⇒(v): It can be followed from Theorem 7.

(v)⇒(iv): Let f_A and g_B be any SI -left-ideals of a weakly regular S over U. Now, for a∈S, there exist some x,y∈S such that a=ax·ay=ax·(ax·ay)y=((ax·ay)y·x)a=(xy·(ax·ay))a=(ax·(xy·ay))a=(ax·(a·(xy)y))a.

Therefore,

$$\begin{array}{@{}rcl@{}} ((f_{A}\circ g_{B})\circ f_{A})(a) &=&\bigcup \limits_{a=(ax\cdot (a\cdot (xy)y))a}\{(f_{A}\circ g_{B})(ax\cdot (a\cdot (xy)y))\cap g_{B}(a)\} \\ &\supseteq &\bigcup \limits_{ax\cdot (a\cdot (xy)y=ax\cdot (a\cdot (xy)y}\{f_{A}(ax)\cap g_{B}(a\cdot (xy)y)\} \cap g_{B}(a) \\ &\supseteq &f_{A}(ax)\cap g_{B}(a\cdot (xy)y)\cap g_{B}(a)\supseteq f_{A}(a)\cap g_{B}(a)\text{,} \end{array} $$

which shows that $(f_{A}\circ g_{B})\circ f_{A}\overset {\sim }{\supseteq } f_{A}\overset {\sim }{\cap }g_{B}$. By using Lemmas 5 and 3, it is easy to show that $(f_{A}\circ g_{B})\circ f_{A}\overset {\sim }{ \subseteq }f_{A}\overset {\sim }{\cap }g_{B}.$ Thus, $f_{A}\overset {\sim }{ \cap }g_{B}=(f_{A}\circ g_{B})\circ f_{A}$. Also, by using Lemma 3, f_A is softsemiprime.

(iv)⇒(iii): Let R and L be any left and right ideals of S respectively. Then, by Lemma 1, X_R and X_L are the SI-right-ideal and SI -left-ideal of S over U respectively. Now, by using Lemmas 2, 14, we get $X_{R\cap L}=X_{R}\overset {\sim }{\cap } X_{L}=(X_{R}\circ X_{L})\circ X_{L}=X_{RL\cdot R},$ which shows that R∩L=RL·R. Also, by using Lemma 6, R is semiprime.

(iii)⇒(ii): It is obvious.

(ii)⇒(i): Since Sa²∪a² and Sa∪a are the right and left ideals of S containing a² and a respectively. Thus, by using given assumption and Lemma, we get

$$\begin{array}{@{}rcl@{}} a &\in &(Sa^{2}\cup a^{2})\cap (Sa\cup a)=(Sa^{2}\cup a^{2})(Sa\cup a)\cdot (Sa^{2}\cup a^{2}) \\ &\subseteq &S(Sa\cup a)\cdot (Sa^{2}\cup a^{2})=(S^{2}a\cup Sa)(Sa^{2}\cup a^{2}) \\ &=&(S^{2}a\cdot Sa^{2})\cup (S^{2}a\cdot a^{2})\cup (Sa\cdot Sa^{2})\cup (S^{2}a\cdot a^{2}) \\ &\subseteq &(Sa\cdot a^{2}S)\cup (Sa\cdot Sa)\cup (Sa\cdot a^{2}S)\cup (Sa\cdot Sa) \\ &\subseteq &(Sa\cdot Sa)\cup (Sa\cdot Sa)\cup (Sa\cdot Sa)\cup (Sa\cdot Sa) \\ &=&Sa\cdot Sa=aS\cdot aS. \end{array} $$

Hence, S is weakly regular. □

Comparison of SI-left (right, two-sided, interior) ideals

A very major and an abstract conclusion from this section is that SI-left-ideal, SI-right-ideal and SI-interior-ideal need not to be coincide in an AG-groupoid S even if S has a left identity, but they will coincide in a right regular class of an AG-groupoid S with left identity.

E-1. Take a collection of 8 chemicals as an initial universe set U given by U={s₁,s₂,s₃,s₄,s₅,s₆,s₇,s₈}.

Let a set of parameters S={1,2,3,4,5} be a set of particular properties of each chemical in U with the following type of natures :

1 stands for the parameter "density",

2 stands for the parameter "melting point",

3 stands for the parameter "combustion",

4 stands for the parameter "enthalpy",

5 stands for the parameter "toxicity".

Let us define the following binary operation on a set of parameters S as follows.

It is easy to check that (S,∗) is non-commutative and non-associative. Also, by routine calculation, one can easily verify that (S,∗) forms an AG-groupoid with left identity 4. Note that S is left (right) regular. Indeed, for a∈S there does exists some x∈S such that a=xa²(a=a²x).

Let A=S and define a soft set f_A of S over U as follows :

$f_{A}(x)=\left \{ \begin {array}{c} \{s_{1},s_{2},s_{3},s_{4,}s_{5},s_{6}\}\ \text {if}\ x=1 \\ \{s_{2},s_{3},s_{4,}\}\ \text {if}\ x=2 \\ \{s_{2},s_{3}\ \text {if}\ x=3=4=5 \end {array} \right \}.$

Then, it is easy to verify that f_A is an SI -interior-ideal of S over U.

E-2. There are seven civil engineers in an initial universe set U given by U={s₁,s₂,s₃,s₄,s₅,s₆,s₇}.

Let a set of parameters S={1,2,3} be a set of status of each civil engineer in U with the following type of attributes:

1 stands for the parameter “critical thinking”,

2 stands for the parameter “decision making”,

3 stands for the parameter “project management”.

Let us define the following binary operation on a set of parameters S as follows.

It is easy to check that (S,∗) is non-commutative and non-associative. One can easily verify that (S,∗) forms an AG-groupoid. Note that S is not left (right) regular. Indeed for 3∈S there does not exists some x∈S such that 3=x∗3²(3=3²∗x). Let A=S and define a soft set f_A of S over U as follows :

$f_{A}(x)=\left \{ \begin {array}{c} \{s_{1},s_{2},s_{3},s_{4}\}\ \text {if}\ x=1 \\ \{s_{1},s_{2},s_{3}\}\ \text {if}\ x=2 \\ \{s_{2},s_{3}\}\ \text {if}\ x=3 \end {array} \right \}.$

Then, it is easy to verify that f_A is an SI -interior-ideal of S over U but it is not an SI -left-ideal, SI-right-ideal, and SI -interior-ideal of S which can be seen from the following :

$$f_{A}(2\ast 2)\varsupsetneq f_{A}(2)\text{ and\textit{\ }}f_{A}(3\ast 2)\varsupsetneq f(2). $$

Lemma 15

Every SI-right-ideal of an AG-groupoid S with left identity over U is an SI-left-ideal of S over U.

Proof

It is simple. □

The converse of above Lemma is not true in general which can be seen from the following example.

E-3. Let us consider an AG-groupoid S with left identity 4 given in an Example 1 with an initial universe set U={s₁,s₂,...,s₁₂}. Let a set of parameters S={1,2,3,4,5} be a set of status of houses in which,

1 stands for the parameter “beautiful”,

2 stands for the parameter “cheap”,

3 stands for the parameter “in good location”,

4 stands for the parameter “in green surroundings”,

5 stands for the parameter “secure”.

It is important to note that S is not right regular because for 3∈S there does not exists some x∈S such that 3=x∗3².

Let A=S and define a soft set f_A of S over U as follows :

$f_{A}(x)=\left \{ \begin {array}{c} U\ \text {if}\ x=1 \\ \{s_{2},s_{3},s_{4,}s_{5,}s_{6,}s_{7,}s_{8}\}\ \text {if}\ x=2 \\ \{s_{2},s_{3},s_{4,}s_{5,}s_{6}\}\ \text {if}\ x=3 \\ \{s_{2},s_{3},s_{4,}s_{5}\}\ \text {if}\ x=4 \\ \{s_{1},s_{2},s_{3},s_{4,}s_{5,}s_{6,}s_{7,}s_{8},s_{9},s_{10}\}\ \text {if}\ x=5 \end {array} \right \} $.

It is easy to verify that f_A is an SI-left-ideal of S over U, but it is not an SI-right-ideal of S over U, because $f_{A}(2\ast 4)\varsupsetneq f_{A}(2).$ Also, one can easily see that f_A is an SI-interior-ideal of S over U but it is not an SI-two-sided-ideal of S over U.

Note that every SI-two-sided-ideal of an AG-groupoid S with left identity over U is an SI-interior-ideal of S over U.

Theorem 16

Let f_A be any soft set of a right regular AG-groupoid S with left identity over U. Then, f_AisanSI -left-idealofSoverUif and only if f_AisanSI-right-idealofSoverUif and only if f_AisanSI-two-sided-idealofSoverUif and only if f_AisanSI -interior-idealofSover U.

Proof

Assume that f_A is any SI-left-ideal of a right regular S with left identity over U. Let a,b∈S. For a∈S, there exists some x∈S such that a=xa². Thus, ab=xa²·b=(a·xa)b=(b·xa)a. Therefore, f_A((b·xa)a)⊇f_A(a). Now, by using Lemma 15, f_Ais an SI-left-ideal of S over U if and only if f_A is an SI-right-ideal of S over U. Let f_A is any SI-right-ideal of a right regular with left identity over U. Let a,b,c∈S, then f_A(ab·c)=f_A((xa²·b)c)=f_A(cb·xa²)=f_A(a²x·bc)=f_A(b(a²x·c))⊇f_A(b). Again assume that f_A is any SI -interior-ideal of a right regular S with left identity over U. Thus, f_A(ab)⊇f_A(xa²·b)⊇f_A(a²)=f_A(xa²·xa²)=f_A(a²x·a²x)=f_A((aa)(a²x·x))⊇f_A(a), which is what we set out to prove. □

Conclusions

Every AG-groupoid with left identity can be considered as an AG***-groupoid, but the converse is not true in general. This leads us to the fact that an AG***-groupoid can be seen as the generalization of an AG-groupoid with left identity. Thus, the results of “Right regular AG-groupoids” section can be trivially followed for an AG***-groupoid.

The idea of soft sets in an AG-groupoid will help us in verifying the existing characterizations and to achieving new and generalized results in future works. Some of them are as under:

1. To generalize the results of a semigroups using soft sets.

2. To characterize a newly developed substructure called an AG***-groupoid through soft sets.

3. To study the structural properties of an AG-hypergroupoid by using soft sets.

4. To introduce and examine the concept of a Γ-AG-groupoid in terms of soft sets.

Availability of data and materials

No data were used to support this study.

References

1
Ali, M. I., Feng, F., Liu, X., Mine, W. K., Shabir, M: On some new operations in soft set theory, Comput. Math. Appl. 57, 1547–1553 (2009).
MathSciNet MATH Google Scholar
2
Cagman, N., Enginoglu, S.: FP-soft set theory and its applications. Ann. Fuzzy Math. Inform. 2, 219–226 (2011).
MathSciNet MATH Google Scholar
3
Dudek, W. A., Gigon, R. S.: Congruences on completely inverse AG**-groupoids. Quasigroups Relat. Syst. 20, 203–209 (2012).
MathSciNet MATH Google Scholar
4
Dudek, W. A., Gigon, R. S.: Completely inverse AG**-groupoids. Semigroup Forum. 87, 201–229 (2013).
MathSciNet Article Google Scholar
5
Feng, F.: Soft rough sets applied to multicriteria group decision making. Ann. Fuzzy Math. Inform. 2, 69–80 (2011).
MathSciNet MATH Google Scholar
6
Feng, F., Jun, Y. B., Zhao, X.: Soft semirings. Comput. Math. Appl. 56, 2621–2628 (2008).
MathSciNet Article Google Scholar
7
Jun, Y. B.: Soft BCK/BCI-algebras, Comput. Math. Appl. 56, 1408–1413 (2008).
MathSciNet MATH Google Scholar
8
Jun, Y. B., Ahn, S. S.: Double-framed soft sets with applications in BCK/BCI-algebras (2012).
MathSciNet MATH Google Scholar
9
Jun, Y. B., Lee, K. J., Khan, A.: Soft ordered semigroups. Math. Logic Q. 56, 42–50 (2010).
MathSciNet Article Google Scholar
10
Kazim, M. A., Naseeruddin, M.: On almost semigroups. The Alig. Bull. Math. 2, 1–7 (1972).
MathSciNet MATH Google Scholar
11
Khan, M.: Some studies in AG*-groupoids, Ph. D Thesis. Quaid-i-Azam University, Pakistan (2008).
Google Scholar
12
Kovkov, D. V., Kolbanov, V. M., Molodtsov, D. A.: Soft sets theory based optimization. J. Comput. Syst. Sci. Int. 46(6), 872–880 (2007).
MathSciNet Article Google Scholar
13
Maji, P. K., Roy, A. R., Biswas, R.: an application of soft sets in a decision making problem, Comput. Math. Appl. 44, 1077–1083 (2002).
MathSciNet MATH Google Scholar
14
Molodtsov, D., Leonov, V. Y., Kovkov, D. V.: Soft sets technique and its application. Nechetkie Sistemy i Myagkie Vychisleniya. 1(1), 8–39 (2006).
MATH Google Scholar
15
Majumdar, P., Samanta, S. K.: Similarity measures of soft sets. New Math. Neutral Comput. 4(1), 1–12 (2008).
MathSciNet Article Google Scholar
16
Molodtsov, D.: Soft set theory. Comput. Math. Appl. 37, 19–31 (1999).
MathSciNet Article Google Scholar
17
Mushtaq, Q., Yusuf, S. M: On LA-semigroups. The Alig. Bull. Math. 8, 65–70 (1978).
MathSciNet MATH Google Scholar
18
Mushtaq, Q., Yusuf, S. M: On locally associative left almost semigroups. J. Nat. Sci. Math. 19, 57–62 (1979).
MATH Google Scholar
19
Pei, D. W., Miao, D.: From soft sets to information systems. IEEE Int. Conf. Granul. Comput., 617–621 (2005).
20
Protić P.V., Stevanović, N.: AG-test and some general properties of Abel-Grassmann’s groupoids. PU. M. A. 4(6), 371–383 (1995).
MathSciNet MATH Google Scholar
21
Roy, A. R., Maji, P. K.: A fuzzy soft set theoretic approach to decision making problems. J. Comput. Appl. Math. 203, 412–418 (2007).
Article Google Scholar
22
Sezgin, A., Atagun, A. O., Cagman, N.: Soft intersection nearrings with applications. Neural Comput. Appl. 21, 221–229 (2011).
Article Google Scholar
23
Seizgin, A., Atagun, A. O.: On operations of soft sets, Comput. Math. Appl. 61, 1457–1467 (2011).
MathSciNet MATH Google Scholar
24
Sezgin, A.: A new approach to LA-semigroup theory via the soft sets. J. Intell. Fuzzy Syst. 26, 2483–2495 (2014).
MathSciNet Article Google Scholar
25
Shah, T., Razzaque, A., Rehman, I.: Application of soft sets to non-associative rings. J. Intell. Fuzzy Syst. 30, 1537–1564 (2016).
Article Google Scholar
26
Shah, T, Razzaque, A: Soft M-systems in a class of soft non-associative rings. U. P. B. Sci. Bull. Ser. A. 77, 131–142 (2015).
MathSciNet MATH Google Scholar
27
Stevanović N., Protić P.V.: Composition of Abel-Grassmann’s 3-bands. Novi Sad. Math. J. 2, 175–182 (2004).
MathSciNet Google Scholar
28
Yang, X., Yu, D., Yang, J., Wu, C.: Generalization of soft set theory from crisp to fuzzy case. Fuzzy Inormation Eng. 40, 345–355 (2007).
Article Google Scholar
29
Yousafzai, F., Ali, A., Haq, S., Hila, K.: Non-associative semigroups in terms of semilattices via soft ideals. J. Intell. Fuzzy Syst. 35, 4837–4847 (2018).
Article Google Scholar

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to the reviewers’ valuable comments that improved the manuscript.

Funding

No any place give us supporting or funding, only by the author.

Author information

Affiliations

Military College of Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
Faisal Yousafzai
Higher Institute of Engineering and Technology, King Mariout, Alexandria, Egypt
Mohammed M. Khalaf

Authors

Faisal Yousafzai
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
Mohammed M. Khalaf
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Both authors contributed equally. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mohammed M. Khalaf.

Ethics declarations

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

Reprints and Permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Yousafzai, F., Khalaf, M.M. A soft set theoretic approach to an AG-groupoid via ideal theory with applications. J Egypt Math Soc 27, 58 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s42787-019-0060-7

Download citation

Received: 03 April 2019
Accepted: 02 December 2019
Published: 30 December 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s42787-019-0060-7

Keywords

Left invertive law
Soft-sets
AG-groupoid
Right regularity
Weak regularity and SI-ideals

A soft set theoretic approach to an AG-groupoid via ideal theory with applications

Abstract

Introduction

AG-groupoids

Soft sets

Basic results

Lemma 1

Lemma 2

Remark 1

Remark 2

Lemma 3

Proof

Lemma 4

Proof

Lemma 5

Lemma 6

Proof

Corollary 1

Example 1

Remark 3

Lemma 7

Proof

Right regular AG-groupoids

Remark 4

Example 2

Lemma 8

Proof

Corollary 2

Theorem 1

Proof

Theorem 2

Proof

Theorem 3

Lemma 9

Proof

Lemma 10

Proof

Remark 5

Theorem 4

Proof

Theorem 5

Proof

Theorem 6

Theorem 7

Proof

Theorem 8

Proof

Corollary 3

Proof

Corollary 4

Theorem 9

Proof

Lemma 11

Proof

Theorem 10

Proof

Corollary 5

Proof

Lemma 12

Proof

Theorem 11

Proof

Lemma 13

Proof

Remark 6

Theorem 12

Proof

Weakly regular AG ***-groupoids

Remark 7

Theorem 13

Proof

Corollary 6

Theorem 14

Proof

Lemma 14

Proof

Theorem 15

Proof

Comparison of SI-left (right, two-sided, interior) ideals

Lemma 15

Weakly regular AG ^***-groupoids