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Extending the applicability of a third-order scheme with Lipschitz and Hölder continuous derivative in Banach spaces
Journal of the Egyptian Mathematical Society volume 28, Article number: 27 (2020)
Abstract
We extend the applicability of a cubically convergent nonlinear system solver using Lipschitz continuous first-order Fréchet derivative in Banach spaces. This analysis avoids the usual application of Taylor expansion in convergence analysis and extends the applicability of the scheme by applying the technique based on the first-order derivative only. Also, our study provides the radius of convergence ball and computable error bounds along with the uniqueness of the solution. Furthermore, the generalization of this analysis using Hölder condition is provided. Various numerical tests confirm that our analysis produces better results and it is useful in solving such problems where previous methods can not be implemented.
Introduction
The main aim of this paper is to extend the applicability of a third-order nonlinear system solver for estimating a locally unique solution s∗ of
where G:Ω⊆X→Y is a Fréchet differentiable operator with values in the Banach space Y and Ω is a convex subset of the Banach space X. In the domain of engineering and applied sciences, plenty of problems are solved by converting into nonlinear equations of the form (1). For example, the integral equations arise in radiative transfer theory, problems in optimization, several boundary value problems, and many others can be transformed into the equations in the form (1). For solving these equations, the most commonly used technique is iterative algorithms. A popular and widely accepted iterative procedure for solving (1) is Newton’s algorithm, which is expressed as:
Some classical cubically convergent schemes like Chebyshev’s, Super-Halley’s, and the Halley’s algorithms are generated by substituting (β=0), (β=1) and (\(\beta =\frac {1}{2}\)) respectively in
where HG(sk)=G′(sk)−1G″(sk)G′(sk)−1G(sk).
Convergence analysis is an important part in the study of iterative methods. This is generally categorized into two types, viz. semi-local and local convergence. “The semi-local convergence is based on the information around an initial point and gives criteria that ensures the convergence of iteration procedures”. “The local convergence analysis of iterative schemes is based on the information around a solution and provides the radius of convergence ball as well as the convergence domain”[1]. “The choice of the initial point is a shot in the dark, in general since the radius of convergence is not computed. The radius of convergence is useful even in cases when the solution is not known. Also, the local analysis provides computable error bounds as well as the uniqueness of the solution” [2]. Numerous researchers [1, 3–5] studied the local convergence analysis of different variants of Chebyshev-Halley type schemes including modified Halley-like, deformed Halley, and improved Chebyshev-Halley type methods. In addition to that, the local convergence study for Newton-type, Jarratt-type, Weerakoon-type, etc., is studied in Banach spaces in [2, 6–15]. In this study, our primary focus is to enhance the applicability of a third-order scheme using Lipschitz continuity condition only on first-order Fréchet derivative in Banach spaces.
In [16], the authors derived a third-order algorithm applying quadrature rule for obtaining the solutions of nonlinear systems. The scheme is given as:
To execute this scheme, we require the computation of the first-order Fréchet derivative. However, the analysis of convergence is established by applying the Taylor series approach based on higher-order derivatives. These techniques, which need the higher-order derivatives, limit the applicability of the algorithm. As an illustration, define a function G on \(\Omega =\left [-\frac {1}{2}, \frac {5}{2}\right ]\) by
It is important to note that G‴ is unbounded on Ω. Therefore, the theory based on higher-order derivatives [16] fail to solve the above problem. Also, one can get no idea about the domain of convergence in [16]. The local convergence study gives valuable information regarding the radius of convergence ball. For the algorithm (4), we discuss the local convergence by following the approach based on G′ to stay away from the evaluation of higher-order Fréchet derivatives. In particular, we consider that the first-order Fréchet derivative belongs to the Lipschitz class. This analysis enlarges the utility of the method (4) by solving such problems for which earlier studies can not be used due to the computation higher-order Fréchet derivatives.
We arrange the manuscript as follows: the “Local convergence analysis” section deals with the local convergence study of the algorithm (4). The “Numerical examples” is dedicated to the numerical applications of our analytical results. The “Conclusions” section is placed in the last section.
Local convergence analysis
We describe the local convergence analysis of the algorithm (4) in this segment. Let the notations for the closed and open balls with center c and radius ρ>0 be \(\bar {B}(c, \rho)\) and B(c,ρ) respectively. BL(Y,X) is the notation for the set of all bounded linear operators from Y to X. k0, k1 be two positive parameters with k0≤k1. In Theorems 1 and 2, we provide the local convergence analysis of the scheme (4).
Local convergence analysis of the method (4) under Lipschitz continuity condition
We define the function Φ1 on the interval \(\left [0, \frac {1}{k_{0}}\right)\) by
and the parameter
It is easy to observe that Φ1(η1)=1. Again, we define the functions Φ2 and Ψ2 on \(\left [0, \frac {1}{k_{0}}\right)\) by
and
Now, \(\Psi _{2}(0)=-\frac {2}{3}<0\) and \({ \underset {u \to \left (\frac {1}{k_{0}}\right)^{-}}{\lim } \Psi _{2}(u)=+\infty }\). The intermediate value theorem confirms the existence of the zeros of the function Ψ2(u) in \(\left (0,\frac {1}{k_{0}}\right)\). We denote the smallest zero of Ψ2(u) in \(\left (0, \frac {1}{k_{0}}\right)\) as η2. Again, we define Φ3 and Ψ3 on \(\left [0, \frac {1}{k_{0}}\right)\) by
and
Now, Ψ3(0)=−1<0 and \({ \underset {u \to \left (\frac {1}{k_{0}}\right)^{-}}{\lim } \Psi _{3}(u)=+\infty }\). So, The zeros of the function Ψ3(u) lies in \((0, \frac {1}{k_{0}})\). We denote the smallest zero of Ψ3(u) in \(\left (0, \frac {1}{k_{0}}\right)\) as η3. Lastly, we define Φ4 and Ψ4 on [0,η3) by
and
Now, Ψ4(0)=−1<0 and \({ \underset {u \to \eta _{3}^{-}}{\lim } \Psi _{4}(u)=+\infty }\). Let η4 be the notation for the smallest zero of Ψ4(u) in (0,η3). The existence of η4 is guaranteed by the intermediate value theorem. We choose
to confirm the followings.
and
for each u∈[0,R′). Also, we use the following assumptions on the Fréchet differentiable operator G:Ω⊆X→Y.
and
Now, we discuss the local convergence analysis of the algorithm (4) in Theorem 1.
Theorem 1
Let s∗∈Ω. Suppose the Fréchet differentiable operator G:Ω⊆X→Y obeys (14)–(16) and
where R′ is given in (9). Starting from s0∈B(s∗,R′) the scheme (4) produces the sequence {sk} which is well defined, {sk}k≥0∈B(s∗,R′) and converges to s∗. Also, the followings hold ∀k≥0
and
where the functions Φ1, Φ3, and Φ4 are provided in (5), (7), and (8) respectively. For \(\delta \in [R', \frac {2}{k_{0}})\), the equation G(s)=0 has only one solution s∗ in \(\bar {B}\left (s^{*}, \delta \right) \cap \Omega \).
Proof
It follows from (9), (15) and the assumption s0∈B(s∗,R′) that
Now, Banach Lemma on invertible operators [17–21] ensures that G′(s0)−1∈BL(Y,X) and
Therefore, t0 is well defined. Again,
Using (5), (9), (10), (16), (22) and (23), we find
So, (18) holds for k=0. Now,
So, \(\frac {1}{3}\left (s_{0}+2t_{0}\right) \in B\left (s^{*}, R'\right)\). Then, our claim is \(\left [G'(s_{0}) + 3G'\left (\frac {1}{3}(s_{0}+2t_{0})\right)\right ]^{-1} \in BL(Y, X)\). The equations (7), (9), (12), (15), (24), and (25) are used to deduce
Now, we obtain \(\left [G'(s_{0}) + 3G'\left (\frac {1}{3}(s_{0}+2t_{0})\right)\right ]^{-1} \in BL(Y, X)\) using Banach Lemma on invertible operators. Also,
Hence, s1 is well defined. We use (8) (9), (13), (16), (25), and (26) to derive
Therefore, we prove that (20) is true for k=0. We find the estimates (18)-(20) by substituting sk, tk and sk+1 in place of s0, t0 and s1 respectively in the earlier estimations. From the inequality ||sk+1−s∗||≤Φ4(R′)||sk−s∗||<R′, we have sk+1∈B(s∗,R′) and \({{\lim }_{k \to \infty } s_{k}=s^{*}}\). Now, we have to show the uniqueness part. Let t∗(≠s∗)∈B(s∗,δ) be such that 0=G(t∗). Consider \(B=\int _{0}^{1} G'\left (t^{*}+\theta \left (s^{*}-t^{*}\right)\right)\ d\theta \). From Eq. (15), we get
Applying Banach Lemma, we confirm that B−1∈BL(Y,X). The identity 0=G(s∗)−G(t∗)=B(s∗−t∗) implies that s∗=t∗. □
Local convergence analysis of the method (4) under Hölder continuity condition
There are numerous problems for which the technique based on Lipschitz condition fails to solve without using higher-order derivatives. As an illustration, we consider the following problem given in [6].
where s(x)∈C[0,1] and G1(x,y) is Green’s function defined on [0,1]×[0,1] by
Then,
It is important to note that G′ does not obey Lipschitz condition. However, G′ is Hölder continuous. So, we discuss the local convergence of the method (4) with Hölder continuous first-order Fréchet derivative. This analysis also generalizes the local convergence analysis presented in the previous section.
For q∈(0,1], we define Θ1 on \(\left [0, \left (\frac {1}{k_{0}}\right)^{\frac {1}{q}}\right)\) by
and the parameter
Observe that Θ1(ξ1)=1. Again, we define functions Θ2 and Γ2 on \(\left [0, \left (\frac {1}{k_{0}}\right)^{\frac {1}{q}}\right)\) by
and
Now, \(\Gamma _{2}(0)=-\frac {2}{3}<0\) and \({ \underset {w \to \left (\left (\frac {1}{k_{0}}\right)^{\frac {1}{q}}\right)^{-}}{\lim }\Gamma _{2}(w)=+\infty }\). The intermediate value theorem confirms the existence of the zeros of the function Γ2(w) in \(\left (0, \left (\frac {1}{k_{0}}\right)^{\frac {1}{q}}\right)\). We denote the smallest zero of Γ2(w) in \(\left (0, \left (\frac {1}{k_{0}}\right)^{\frac {1}{q}}\right)\) as ξ2. Again, we define Θ3 and Γ3 on \(\left [0, \left (\frac {1}{k_{0}}\right)^{\frac {1}{q}}\right)\) by
and
Now, Γ3(0)=−1<0 and \({\underset {w \to \left (\left (\frac {1}{k_{0}}\right)^{\frac {1}{q}}\right)^{-}} {\lim } \Gamma _{3}(w)=+\infty }\). So, the zeros of the function Γ3(w) lies in \(\left (0, \left (\frac {1}{k_{0}}\right)^{\frac {1}{q}}\right)\). We denote the smallest zero of Γ3(w) in \(\left (0, \left (\frac {1}{k_{0}}\right)^{\frac {1}{q}}\right)\) as ξ3. Lastly, we define Θ4 and Γ4 on [0,ξ3) by
and
Now, Γ4(0)=−1<0 and \({\underset {w \to \xi _{3}^{-}}{\lim } \Gamma _{4}(w)=+\infty }\). Let ξ4 be the notation for the smallest zero of Γ4(w) in (0,ξ3). The existence of ξ4 is guaranteed by the intermediate value theorem. We choose
to confirm the followings.
and
for each w∈[0,R). Also, we use the following assumptions on the Fréchet differentiable operator G:Ω⊆X→Y.
and
Theorem 2
Let s∗∈Ω. Suppose the Fréchet differentiable operator G:Ω⊆X→Y obeys (37)–(39) and
where R is given in (32). Starting from s0∈B(s∗,R), the scheme (4) yields the sequence {sk} which is well defined, {sk}k≥0∈B(s∗,R) and converges to s∗. Also, the following holds ∀k≥0
and
where the functions Θ1, Θ3, and Θ4 are provided in (28), (30), and (31) respectively. For \(\Delta \in \left [R, \left (\frac {q+1}{k_{0}} \right)^{\frac {1}{q}} \right)\), the solution s∗ is the only solution of G(s)=0 in \(\bar {B}(s^{*}, \Delta) \cap \Omega \).
Proof
It follows from (32), (38) and the assumption s0∈B(s∗,R) that
Now, Banach Lemma on invertible operators [17–21] ensures that G′(s0)−1∈BL(Y,X) and
Therefore, t0 is well defined. Again,
Using (28), (32), (33), (39), (45) and (46), we find
So, (41) holds for k=0. Now,
So, \(\frac {1}{3}(s_{0}+2t_{0}) \in B(s^{*}, R)\). Then, our claim is \(\left [G'(s_{0}) + 3G'\left (\frac {1}{3}(s_{0}+2t_{0})\right)\right ]^{-1} \in BL(Y, X)\). The Eqs. (30), (32), (35), (38), (47), and (48) are used to deduce
Now, we obtain \(\left [G'(s_{0}) + 3G'\left (\frac {1}{3}(s_{0}+2t_{0})\right)\right ]^{-1} \in BL(Y, X)\) using Banach Lemma on invertible operators. Also,
Hence, s1 is well defined. We use (31) (32), (36), (39), (48), and (49) to derive
Thus, we prove that (43) holds for k=0. We find the estimates (41)-(43) by substituting sk, tk, and sk+1 in place of s0, t0, and s1 respectively in the preceding estimations. From the inequality ||sk+1−s∗||≤Θ4(R)||sk−s∗||<R, we have sk+1∈B(s∗,R) and \({{\lim }_{k \to \infty } s_{k}=s^{*}}\). Now, we have to show the uniqueness part. Let t∗(≠s∗)∈B(s∗,Δ) be such that 0=G(t∗). Consider \(A=\int _{0}^{1} G'(\theta s^{*}+t^{*}(1-\theta))\ d\theta \). From Eq. (38), we get
Applying Banach Lemma, we confirm that A−1∈BL(Y,X). The identity 0=G(s∗)−G(t∗)=A(s∗−t∗) implies that s∗=t∗. □
Numerical examples
In this section, we compute the radii of convergence balls for standard numerical problems. Also, we compare the convergence radii with that of the third order convergent midpoint method obtained by the technique of Argyros and George provided in [10]. We obtain better results using our technique in all cases.
Example 1
[6] Let G is defined on \(\bar {B}(0, 1)\) for (s1,s2,s3)t by
We have s∗=(0,0,0)t, q=1, k0=e−1 and k1=e. We compute the value of the radius R employing ′′Θ′′ functions (Table 1).
Example 2
[6] Define G on Ω=[−1,1] by
We have s∗=0, q=1 and k0=k1=1. R is obtained using ′′Θ′′ functions (Table 2).
Example 3
[7] Consider the nonlinear Hammerstein type integral equation given by
where G(s)∈C[0,1]. We have s∗=0, q=1, k0=7.5 and k1=15. We use the definitions of ′′Θ′′ functions to compute the value of R (Table 3).
Example 4
[6] Define G on \(\Omega =\left [-\frac {1}{2}, \frac {5}{2}\right ]\) by
We have s∗=1, q=1 and k0=k1=96.6628. The radius R is calculated from the definitions of ′′Θ′′ functions.
Thus, we confirm the convergence of the scheme (4) with radius R=0.005613 (Table 4).
Example 5
[6] Consider the nonlinear Hammerstein type integral equation given by
where s(x)∈C[0,1]. We have s∗=0. Also, q=0.5 and \(k_{0}=k_{1}=\frac {15}{4}\). We use ′′Θ′′ functions to compute the radius R (Table 5).
Example 6
[6] Consider the nonlinear integral equation given by
where s(x)∈C[0,1] and G1(x,y) is Green’s function. We have s∗=0. Also, q=0.25 and \(k_{0}=k_{1}=\frac {15}{32}\). The radius R is computed using ′′Θ′′ functions.
Thus, we guarantee the convergence of the algorithm (4) for example 6 with radius R=0.598292 (Table 6).
Conclusions
Local convergence analysis of a higher-order convergent nonlinear system solver (4) is discussed. For expanding the applicability of the method, this study is provided under the only condition that the first-order Fréchet derivative is Lipschitz continuous. This technique is applicable in solving such problems for which previous studies can not be applied. Also, the generalization of this analysis using Hölder condition is studied. At last, standard examples are solved to show the convergence of the scheme.
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Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the University Grants Commission of India for the financial support.
Funding
Author D. Sharma is financially supported by the University Grants Commission of India (ID: NOV2017-402662) in the form of JRF.
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DS raised the first idea and analyzed and wrote the paper. SKP edited and analyzed the paper again in the well-organized form. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Sharma, D., Parhi, S.K. Extending the applicability of a third-order scheme with Lipschitz and Hölder continuous derivative in Banach spaces. J Egypt Math Soc 28, 27 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s42787-020-00088-2
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Keywords
- Local convergence
- Iterative schemes
- Banach space
- Lipschitz continuity condition
- Hölder continuity condition
AMS Subject Classification (2010)
- 47H99
- 49M15
- 65J15
- 65D99
- 65G99
